[4] Most of these unemployed residents of the Hoovervilles relied on public charities or begged for food from those who had housing during this era. Seattle's developed into a self-sufficient and organized town-within-a-town. This Hooverville thrived because it was funded by private donations. Over its eight years of existence, the WPA put roughly 8.5 million Americans to work read more, The 1930s in the United States began with an historic low: more than 15 million Americansfully one-quarter of all wage-earning workerswere unemployed. "Hooverville" was a deliberately politicized label, emphasizing that President Herbert Hoover and the Republican Party were to be held responsible for the economic crisis and its miseries. Hoovervilles, or shantytowns, became a common sight. Some were as small as a few hundred people while others, in bigger metropolitan areas such as Washington, D.C. and New York City, boasted thousands of inhabitants. The term was coined by Charles Michelson. A "Hooverville" dweller, Circleville, Ohio, c. 1938. Hooverville was a small town founded by homeless people in the United States during the Great Depression. In his journal, he states that of the 639 residents of the town, only 7 of them were women. The Great Depression caused social upheaval and political unrest. This was handled by an elected Vigilance Committee-- consisting of two whites, two blacks, and two Filipinos-- led by a white Texas native and former lumberjack named Jesse Jackson, who came to be known as the unofficial "Mayor" of Hooverville. Seattle's main Hooverville was one of the largest, longest-lasting, and best documented in the nation. Many of us spend a great deal of time imagining what we'd do if we had a lot of money--if we won the lottery, for example. Some families were fortunate enough to stay with friends and family members that hadn't been evicted yet, but homeless men, women and children were forced to take up residence in shacks as a result of the Great Depression. Homeless people roamed the country looking for food and work. months[0] = "Discover the vast range of useful, leisure and educational websites published by the Siteseen network. The nickname 'Hooverville' was given to the shanty towns that sprang up across the nation during the Great Depression. There was no work, people were starving and the local police repeatedly burned down the camp. Interesting Facts About Hoovervilles During the Great Depression The Bonus Army of veterans built a large Hooverville in Washington D.C. that housed around 15,000 people. https://www.thoughtco.com/hoovervilles-homeless-camps-of-the-great-depression-4845996 (accessed March 1, 2023). Seattle's Hooverville had lasted a full decade.[4]. As elsewhere in the country, Washington State's Communist Party helped to organize the unemployed into active political and social formations. Come learn about Hoovervilles, how they got their name, and. Brief History of Seattle. We pride ourselves on being a safe website for both teachers and students. Absolutely anything that would provide shelter. The nation turned to Herbert Hoover expecting help, but he had none to give. One of the important events during his presidency was the emergence of the Shanty Town during the Great Depression. Roosevelts recovery program, known as the New Deal, eventually reduced unemployment, regulated banking and helped turn the ailing economy around with public works projects and other economic programs. The numbers obviously varied, but the biggest Hooverville in Seattle in the U.S. state of Washington served as the home to 1200 people. Some Hoovervilles even received assistance from churches and private donors. The answer to this question is practically anywhere. Both his parents were dead by the time he was nine. Hoover Pullmans were rusted railroad boxcars used as dwellings. They were named after Herbert Hoover, who was the President of the United States during the start of the Great Depression and was given the blame for it. The people who lived in a Hooverville or Shanty Town were men, women and children, black and white, from all walks of life, who had been evicted from their homes and made homeless due to unemployment in the Great Depression. The economic depression began in September 1929 and was immediately followed by the October 24 Wall Street stock market crash. Next: Unemployed Citizens League and Poverty Activism. This is especially clear from the lyrics which included this line: 'They used to tell me I was building a dream, with peace and glory ahead; why should I be standing in line, just waiting for bread?'. Seattle's Hooverville and its residents were portrayed as violent, exotic, and separate from the rest of Seattle, obscuring the social accomplishments and self-organization of shantytown residents. There were dozens in the state of Washington, hundreds throughout the country, each testifying to the housing crisis that accompanied the employment crisis of the early 1930s. The Great Depression started on Wall Street. [2], However, not every Hooverville fits this description. Get unlimited access to over 84,000 lessons. Click the image to see a larger version of the map and here to read excerpts from Roy's sociological survey.By 1934 nearly 500 self-built one-room domiciles were "scattered over the terrain in insane disorder," according to Donald Roy, a sociology graduate student who studied the community. Request for removal of Interbay shacks (April 24, 1937) Desperate for shelter, homeless citizens. This website helped me pass! During WWI, this area belonged to the Port of Seattle but was occupied by the Skinner and Eddy shipyard. Renters fell behind and faced eviction. The Shanty Town was not new to America. It began after the stock market crash of October 1929, which sent Wall Street into a panic and wiped out millions of investors. In his Pulitzer Prize-winning 1939 novel, The Grapes of Wrath, writer John Steinbeck, vividly described his hardships as a young farmworker in the Weedpatch Hooverville near Bakersfield, California. Additionally, although the 1920s, also known as the Roaring Twenties, had been a decade of prosperity, income levels varied widely and numerous Americans lived beyond their means. Early in 1941, the Seattle Health Department established a Shack Elimination Committee to identify unauthorized housing clusters and plan their removal. Built with all over the world Copyright 19992023This site uses cookies to improve your experience. Definition and Summary of the Shantytowns and HoovervillesSummary and definition: The Shanty Towns, known as Hoovervilles, sprang up across the nation during the Great Depression (1929 - 1941). 01 of 10 First Quaker President Hoover was the son of a blacksmith, Jesse Clark Hoover, and a Quaker minister, Huldah Minthorn Hoover. 1933 is generally regarded as the worst year of the Depression: One-quarter of Americas workersmore than 15 million peoplewere out of work. What were Hoovervilles during the Great Depression? And although private philanthropy increased during the early 1930s, the amounts given were not enough to make a significant impact. At its peak, roughly 25%, maybe more, of the American work force was unemployed. @media (min-width: 340px) { .adslot_1 { width: 336px; height: 280px; } } Multiple factors led to the Great Depression, including the U.S. stock market crash in October 1929 and the widespread failure of the American banking system, both of which helped destroy confidence in the nations economy. Other Hoovervilles also developed: one on the side of Beacon Hill where today I-5 passes; one in the Interbay area next to where the city used to dump its garbage; and two others along 6th Avenue in South Seattle. There is a crime here that goes beyond denunciation, he wrote of the squalled camp. Anyone who has seen the famous old Civil War movie ' Gone with the Wind' might remember the Shanty Town on the outskirts of Atlanta, Georgia that was occupied by freed slaves and poor whites. succeed. His records show populations of Japanese, Mexican, Filipino, Native American, Costa Rican, Chilean, and Black men. Cardboard covering a worn-out shoe sole was 'Hoover leather,' and cars pulled by horses (since no one could afford gasoline) were 'Hoover wagons.'. Hooverville served as a home for different nationalities and ethnicities. This sort of fatalism was especially apparent in the language that developed around the iconic representation of the Great Depression --the Hooverville. Most shanties, however, were distinctly less ambitious: Cardboard-box homes did not last long, and most dwellings were in a constant state of being rebuilt. The state described as 'absolute poverty' has been described as "a condition characterized by severe deprivation of basic human needs, including food, safe drinking water, sanitation facilities, health, shelter, education and information". The effect was the virtual freezing of international trade. On October 29, 1929, the date known as Black Tuesday, the stock market crashed, signaling the beginning of the Great Depression. [9], Regardless of the gender of the residents, Hoovervilles served as a common ground for many different nationalities and ethnicities. Click to see google map of shack towns in Seattle area and more photos and descriptions.In Seattle shacks appeared in many locations in 1930 and 1931, but authorities usually destroyed them after neighbors complained. The makeshift shacks were constructed from unwanted materials and lacked basic amenities such as adequate sanitation and clean drinking water. With such a well-developed social order, the camp maintained itself as a functional separate community from 1930 to 1936, when President Franklin D. Roosevelts New Deal sweeping economic recovery plan allocated federal funds for its removal. It maintained itself as a free-standing community until 1936, when it was razed. By the early 1940s, Roosevelts New Deal programs had turned the economy around and many of the Hoovervilles had been abandoned and demolished. The longest lasting Hooverville, located in Seattle, Washington, stood as a semi-autonomous community from 1931 to 1941. They were built by unemployed impoverished Americans that had been made homeless and had nowhere else to live. Many people would can their food so that it would last longer. President Herbert Hoover lost the election in 1932 to Franklin D. Roosevelt. Families who had lost their homes lived in shacks in temporary settlements known as "Hoovervilles," named after the current president, Herbert Hoover. 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A "Hoover flag" was an empty pocket turned inside out and "Hoover leather" was cardboard used to line a shoe when the sole wore through. The homeless clustered in shanty towns close to free soup kitchens. President Herbert Hoover, however, refused to propose any assistance programs, saying instead that Americans should help each other. In his estimation, prosperity would return if people would simply help one another. Hoovervilles are very similar to refugee camps. A "Hoover wagon" was an automobile with horses hitched to it, often with the engine removed. Because of the lack of government, it took a lot of work. Seattle is fortunate to have the kind of detailed documentation of its Hooverville that other cities lack, and we have compiled these unique resources here. The new population was forced to set up makeshift "towns" known as "Hoovervilles." 16. When disaster struck, Americans looked to their President for leadership and compassion, but Hoover seemed to be short on both counts. The Great Depression rolled on, and people got caught in a vicious cycle. Hoovervilles were hundreds of makeshift homeless encampments built near large cities across the United States during the Great Depression (1929-1933). The houses were often installed with a small stove, bedding, and some cooking materials. It was headed by the Commissioner of Health, the Superintendent of Buildings, the Chief of Police, and the Chief of the Fire Department, tasked to draft a plan on how to proceed with the elimination of Hooverville. Browse Catalog. The main Hooverville began on land near Elliott Bay through a cluster of small huts. You can find out more about our use, change your default settings, and withdraw your consent at any time with effect for the future by visiting Cookies Settings, which can also be found in the footer of the site. Technically, these settlements were often in violation of state or local law; and even though they were often raided, it became common practice for authorities to endure them. KidsKonnect uses a secure SSL connection to encrypt your data and we only work with trusted payment processors Stripe and PayPal. In turn, a new lexicon came into being -- words like "Hoovervilles," "Hoover blankets" and "Hoover hogs." months[8] = "This website is produced by the Siteseen network that specializes in producing free informative websites on a diverse range of topics. An error occurred trying to load this video. By 1932, Hoover was so unpopular that he had no realistic hope of being re-elected, and Governor Franklin D. Roosevelt of New York won that years presidential election in November by a landslide. On this Wikipedia the language links are at the top of the page across from the article title. "; In 1934, Roy recorded a population of non-White people, including Black men, Costa Rican, Chilean, Filipino, Japanese, Mexican, and. Click to download the free sample version, Hooverville was a small town founded by homeless people in the. St. Louis, Missouri, was the site of the largest Hooverville in America. Hoover was largely blamed for the ineffective federal role to that point, and Americans were largely thankful to see their government trying any policy. These camps came to be called Hoovervilles, after the president. Farming in 1935 . You can use these worksheets as-is, or edit them using Google Slides to make them more specific to your own student ability levels and curriculum standards. Home Facts Privacy About Blog Contact Terms. Commanded by Maj. George S. Patton, the U.S. Army burned the Hooverville and drove the veterans out with tanks, tear gas, and fixed bayonets. A look at how people lived, especially in the makeshift dwellings they constructed, gives a better sense of this, as does an understanding of the bitter humor behind the naming of these dwellings, known as 'Hoovervilles'. During the Great Depression many men became hobos during the 1930s, searching for jobs anywhere in the country. The Great Depression was the greatest and longest economic recession of the 20th century. As the Depression worsened and millions of families lost their jobs and depleted their savings, they also lost their homes. Roy found the relaxed social atmosphere remarkable, describing "an ethnic rainbow" where men of many colors intermingled "in shabby comraderie. Economic disparity in the United States during the 1930s was not limited to American born individuals. Subscribe for fascinating stories connecting the past to the present. Those who did were chronically underpaid. People experiencing homelessness made them from scraps of wood, tin, tar, and cardboard, and named . It became the most widespread crisis of the twentieth century, affecting several countries worldwide. Nearly 29 percent of the population was non-white. Most Hoovervilles operated in an informal, unorganized way, but the bigger ones would sometimes put forward spokespersons to serve as a liaison between the camp and the larger community. Some of the homeless found shelter inside empty conduits and water mains. Longley, Robert. In 1930, the largest Hooverville in America, consisting of four distinct sectors, was established in St. Louis. When a new mayor took office in 1932, owing his election in part to support of the Unemployed Citizen's League, Seattle's Hooverville gained a measure of official tolerance that allowed it to survive and grow. "; Most settlers were disorganized, and only a few established a form of government. However, some cities banned them if they trespassed on parks or privately owned land. During the fall and winter of 1931 and 1932, unemployed workers established Seattle's "Hooverville," a shantytown named in sarcastic honor of U.S. President Herbert Hoover (1874-1964), on whose beat the Great Depression began. The easiest way to travel across the country was by train and Shantytowns, nicknamed 'Hobo Jungles' sprang up by most city railroad stations. Democrats coined many terms based on opinions of Herbert Hoover[5] such as "Hoover blanket" (old newspaper used as blanketing). [1] There were hundreds of Hoovervilles across the country during the 1930s.[2]. However, understanding that the campers had nowhere else to go, and fearing that they might still fall victim to the Great Depression themselves, most more affluent people were willing to tolerate the Hoovervilles and their impoverished residents. Donald Roy created this map of Seattle's Hooverville. What does it tell you about Hooverville society? Sign Up. This building housed a mayora's office and a commissary, or grocery store. Today the nine acre site is used to unload container ships. Economic disparity in the United States during the 1930s was not limited to American born individuals. The Shanty Town was given the sarcastic nickname 'Hooverville' after President Herbert Hoover who Americans blamed for the Great Depression. Hoovervilles were hundreds of crude campgrounds built across the United States by poverty stricken people who had lost their homes because of the Great Depression of the 1930s. The Great Depression saw the collapse of the United States' economy, rampant unemployment and a broad sense of hopelessness. Whenever possible, Hoovervilles were built near rivers for the convenience of a water source. Donald Francis Roy, a resident of Seattles Hooverville, recorded 639 residents, only 7 of whom were women. Who lived in a Hooverville or Shanty Town? KidsKonnect is a growing library of high-quality, printable worksheets for teachers and homeschoolers. What were the Hoovervilles (Shanty Town) of the Great Depression? In Seattle, Washington, stood one of the country's largest, longest-lasting, and best-documented Hoovervilles, standing for ten years between 1931 and 1941.Though several were located about the city, this Hooverville was on the tidal flats adjacent to the Port of Seattle. They are crowded, dirty, miserable, and they are places where the homeless gather to build temporary homes. It stood for ten years, 1931 to 1941. Residents of the previous Hooverville in Tacoma rebuilt homes on the same site they occupied throughout. months[10] = "Looking for accurate facts and impartial information? Hoovervilles were large groups of simple, makeshift houses built by people who had nowhere else to live during the Great Depression. Nonwhites comprised 29% of the colony's population, including 120 Filipinos, 29 African Americas, 25 Mexicans, 4 Native Americans, 4 South Americans, and 2 Japanese. "Nobody Paid any Attention": The Economic Marginalization of Seattle's Hooverville, by Dustin Neighly, Seattles Hooverville: The Failure of Effective Unemployment Relief in the Early 1930s by Magic Demirel, Hooverville: A Study of a Community of Homeless Men in Seattle by Donald Francis Roy, The Story of Seattle's Hooverville by Jesse Jackson, "Mayor" of Hooverville, Seattle Municipal Archives Hooverville Documents. read more, The Civilian Conservation Corps (CCC) was a work relief program that gave millions of young men employment on environmental projects during the Great Depression. When Congress refused payment and the veterans refused to leave, President Hoover sent in the army under the direction of Chief of Staff Douglas MacArthur; the riot scene that followed included tear gas, bayonets, and tanks, and resulted in the burning of large parts of the Bonus Army's Hooverville as well as several deaths. Most of them did not find work. Many squeezed in with relatives. The majority of the homeless chose to live in small towns where they could easily access free soup kitchens. Plus, get practice tests, quizzes, and personalized coaching to help you Grade Level. In 1932, Hooverville was established in Anacostia, District of Columbia, to house a group of. Unemployed masons used cast-off stone and bricks and in some cases built structures that stood 20 feet high. This is a fantastic bundle which includes everything you need to know about Hooverville across 20 in-depth pages. No one knows, but there were literally millions of homeless people during the Great Depression so it seems reasonable to estimate the number as several thousands. These are ready-to-use Hooverville worksheets that are perfect for teaching students about Hooverville, which was a small town founded by homeless people in the United States during the Great Depression. By the middle of 1941, Roosevelts New Deal programs had increased employment to the point that all but a few Hoovervilles had been abandoned and demolished. The Depression was blamed on President Herbert Hoover, whom the town was named after as coined by Charles Michelson. Hoover's other problem was his own personality. Tensions between destitute citizens and the Hoover administration climaxed in the spring of 1932 when thousands of World War I veterans and their families and friends set up a Hooverville on the banks of the Anacostia River in Washington, D.C. These settlements were often trespassing on private lands, but they were frequently tolerated or ignored out of necessity. In 1938, Jackson wrote a short, vivid description of the community that we reproduce here. [2], Tacoma's "Hollywood-on-the-Tideflats" was burned by city officials in May 1942, but was soon reoccupied and rebuilt. Banks closed, and factories shut down; thousands and then millions of jobs were lost. Others responded to complaints by people in the neighborhood and evicted the inhabitants and burned the shacks. Most large cities built municipal lodging houses for the homeless, but the Depression exponentially increased demand. Most people, however, resorted to building their residences out of wood from crates, cardboard, scraps of metal, or whatever materials were available to them. Link will appear as Hooverville Facts & Worksheets: https://kidskonnect.com - KidsKonnect, October 18, 2018. Hoover also received criticism for signing, in June 1930, the controversial Hawley-Smoot Tariff Act, which imposed a high tariff on foreign goods in an effort to prevent them from competing with U.S.-made products on the domestic market. Workers, whether migrant or immigrant, suffered from a lack of jobs making up a large portion of Hooverville. This download is exclusively for KidsKonnect Premium members!To download this worksheet, click the button below to signup (it only takes a minute) and you'll be brought right back to this page to start the download! Although people would often use castoff lumber and building materials, more often than not Hooverville structures were built with cardboard, tar paper, and other comparatively flimsy elements. 0 ] = `` Discover the vast range of useful, leisure educational. Grade Level was occupied by the October 24 Wall Street into a panic and out! And a commissary, or grocery store homeless citizens town during the Great.. 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