and an excess amount of chlorine can be toxic for plants. Phosphorus(V) chloride is structurally more complicated than phosphorus(III) chloride. These vary depending on the size and shape of the molecule, but will always be far weaker than ionic bonds. This salt is mostly found in Japanese and Chinese cuisine. WebMagnesium chloride and calcium chloride remain effective at melting ice even with bitterly cold temperatures. Without magnesium photosynthesis could not take place, and life as we know it would not exist. Hydrogen bonds are much weaker than covalent bonds, but are generally much stronger than other dipole-dipole attractions and dispersion forces. What accounts for this variability? Silicon tetrachloride is a simple no-messing-about covalent chloride. Uncombined elements have an oxidation state of 0. Recall from the Sections 4.4 and 4.5, on chemical bonding and molecular geometry that polar molecules have a partial positive charge on one side and a partial negative charge on the other side of the moleculea separation of charge called a dipole. 3. It is a white to off-white crystalline powder with a specific gravity of 2.4 and a Mohs hardness of around 3.0. MgCl. 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Magnesium has a melting point of 923 K and reacts with water at room temperature, although extremely slowly. For example, solid calcium chloride releases heat and is effective down to minus 25 degrees Fahrenheit. Its rather unusual structure is given below: The molecule's conformation indicates its possible intermolecular interactions: Disulfur dichloride reacts slowly with water to produce a complex mixture of hydrochloric acid, sulfur, hydrogen sulfide and various sulfur-containing acids and anions. In this process, magnesium hydroxide reacts with. In this process, magnesium hydroxide reacts with hydrochloric acid and forms magnesium chloride and water. These alloys are useful in aeroplane and car construction. At 163C, the phosphorus(V) chloride converts to a molecular form containing PCl5 molecules. At the same temperature, however, methane ( ) is a gas. Values are given for typical oxidation number and coordination. Because CH3OCH3 is polar, it will also experience dipole-dipole attractions. It is advised to consume magnesium chloride as per the recommendation of doctors. We each store about 20 grams in our bodies, mainly in the bones. Density (g cm3) As the temperature increases further, the position of equilibrium shifts more and more to the right of the following system: Solid aluminum chloride does not conduct electricity at room temperature because the ions are not free to move. For your upcoming examinations, you need to learn some essential reactions of magnesium chloride. Some brands are also used to treat symptoms of too much The atomic number of each element increases by one, reading from left to right. The LibreTexts libraries arePowered by NICE CXone Expertand are supported by the Department of Education Open Textbook Pilot Project, the UC Davis Office of the Provost, the UC Davis Library, the California State University Affordable Learning Solutions Program, and Merlot. The mass of an atom relative to that of carbon-12. b. ionic forces (solid at room temperature). The structure is shown below: In the conversion, all ionic character is lost, causing the aluminum chloride to vaporize or melt (depending on the pressure). When magnesium ions are solvated from the solid lattice, there is enough attraction between the 2+ ions and the water molecules to form coordinate (dative covalent) bonds between the magnesium ions and lone pairs on surrounding water molecules. So the ordering in terms of strength of IMFs, and thus boiling points, is CH3CH2CH3 < CH3OCH3 < CH3CH2OH. Silicon tetrachloride is a colorless liquid at room temperature which fumes in moist air. We will often use values such as boiling or freezing points as indicators of the relative strengths of IMFs of attraction present within different substances. Carbon dioxide (CO2) and carbon tetrachloride (CCl4) are examples of such molecules (Figure \(\PageIndex{6}\)). can cause various side effects like flushing, respiratory depression, sweating, considerable reduction of blood pressure, hypothermia, stupor, etc. The temperature at which the solidliquid phase change occurs. Magnesium sulfate is sometimes used as a mordant for dyes. CO and N2 are both diatomic molecules with masses of about 28 amu, so they experience similar London dispersion forces. 2. Another alternative way to produce MgCl2 is by the chemical reaction between aluminum chloride and magnesium with aluminum as a by-product. Trends in observed melting and boiling points for the halogens clearly demonstrate this effect, as seen in Table 8.1.2. Hexaaquamagnesium complex ions are formed, [Mg(H2O)6]2+, as follows: \[ MgCl_{2 (s)} + 6H_2O \rightarrow [Mg(H_2O)_6]^{2+}_{(aq)} + 2Cl^-_{(aq)}\]. What are the Primary Benefits of Consuming Magnesium Chloride as Per the Doctors Recommendation? Because only van der Waals dispersion forces exist between these molecules, the species vaporizes. Chemical Reactions - Description, Concepts, Types, Examples and FAQs, Annealing - Explanation, Types, Simulation and FAQs, Classification of Drugs Based on Pharmacological Effect, Drug Action, Uses of Rayon - Meaning, Properties, Sources, and FAQs, Reverberatory Furnace - History, Construction, Operation, Advantages and Disadvantages, 118 Elements and Their Symbols and Atomic Numbers, Nomenclature of Elements with Atomic Number above 100, Find Best Teacher for Online Tuition on Vedantu. Electron configuration They are solids because the particles which make up ionic compounds are held together by very strong bonds. It's brittle, prone to ponginess and arguably the dunce of the periodic table. Values are given for typical oxidation number and coordination. A molecule with a net unequal distribution of electrons in its covalent bonds is a polar molecule. Thus molecules such as methane (CH4), CO2, and larger molecules such as fats and oils are either liquids or gases at room temperature or will readily melt with the addition of heat energy. If any element needs a change of PR this is the one. \[ SiCl_4 + 2H_2O \rightarrow SiO_2 + 4HCl\]. Latest answer posted September 19, 2015 at 9:37:47 PM. Substances that contain ionic interactions are relatively strongly held together, so these substances typically have high melting and boiling points. If the normal melting point of a substance is below room temperature, the substance is a liquid at room temperature. This is because of the presence of chlorine in MgCl. Geckos feet, which are normally nonsticky, become sticky when a small shear force is applied. I'm Chris Smith, thank you for listening, see you next time. The hydrogen atoms carry less electron density in this state, and are thus more easily removed by a base. Magnesium chloride flakes are effectively used as an alternative to Epsom salt or magnesium sulfate in horticulture or gardening. WebIn its solid state, sodium chloride (like many other ionic compounds) have fixed ions. WebUses. Finally, there are forces between all molecules that are caused by electrons being in different places in a molecule at any one time, which sets up a temporary separation of charge that disappears almost as soon as it appears. Some elements exist in several different structural forms, called allotropes. Electron affinityThe energy released when an electron is added to the neutral atom and a negative ion is formed. Dipole-dipole attractions result from the electrostatic attraction of the partial negative end of one dipolar molecule for the partial positive end of another. Figure 9.1 illustrates the relationship between physical state and normal melting and boiling points. The shapes of CH3OCH3, CH3CH2OH, and CH3CH2CH3 are similar, as are their molar masses (46 g/mol, 46 g/mol, and 44 g/mol, respectively), so they will exhibit similar dispersion forces. WebThe standard Gibbs free energy of formation (G f ) of a compound is the change of Gibbs free energy that accompanies the formation of 1 mole of a substance in its standard state from its constituent elements in their standard states (the most stable form of the element at 1 bar of pressure and the specified temperature, usually 298.15 K or 25 C). Magnesium chloride flakes are effectively used as an alternative to Epsom salt or magnesium sulfate in horticulture or gardening. There are many reasons to refer to Vedantu for understanding the topic of Magnesium Chloride, which makes this particular explanation better than the other, some of which are mentioned below: Vedantu aims to provide the best educational content to the students for all the topics of chemistry. Our summaries and analyses are written by experts, and your questions are answered by real teachers. WebSolid magnesium chloride is an electrical nonconductor since the ions are not free to pass. Its water solubility for anhydrous is as under: All the measurements, as well as temperatures given, are for 100 ml of water. One of the most important things about Vedantu's explanation of Magnesium Chloride is that it is extremely easy to understand. Solid aluminum chloride does not conduct electricity at room temperature because the ions are not free to move. The original lattice converts into an Al2Cl6 arrangement of molecules. Electrical conductivity None of these oxides has any free or mobile electrons. "Explain why Magnesium chloride has a high melting point." The hydrous form of this salt is heated along with alcohol and gradually distilled off the H, Another most common method of producing MgCl, is by the Dow process. Tennant described the. What can be the Side Effects of MgCl2? There are two different covalent structures: molecular and network. The symbol for magnesium is Mg. Ans: a. These bases form complementary base pairs consisting of one purine and one pyrimidine, with adenine pairing with thymine, and cytosine with guanine. Magnesium Chloride is just as important a topic for the chemistry students as its components, Magnesium, and Chlorine. Furthermore, this chemical compound is also available in different pharmaceutical preparations, such as medication. This reaction is accomplished by electrolysis. This weakens the attractive forces and lowers the melting point. A higher recycling rate may reduce risk to supply. It is found in large deposits in minerals such as magnesite and dolomite. Aluminium Humans take in around 300 mg of magnesium per day and we need at least 200 mg, but the body has a store of around 25 g of this element in its skeleton so there is rarely a deficiency. Sodium chloride is an ionic compound consisting of a giant array of sodium and chloride ions. This is because hydrogen chloride has almost twice the molecular weight of ammonia, and the rate of diffusion is inversely proportional to the square root of the molecular mass of the gas. A and T share two hydrogen bonds, C and G share three, and both pairings have a similar shape and structure Figure \(\PageIndex{11}\). If the pressure is increased to just over 2 atmospheres, it melts instead at a temperature of 192C. Sodium chloride dissolves in water to give a neutral solution. Explain your reasoning. It becomes 4-coordinatedeach aluminum is surrounded by 4 chlorine atoms rather than 6. The images may not be posted on any website, shared in any disc library, image storage mechanism, network system or similar arrangement. Electrical conductivity None of these oxides has any free or mobile electrons. Electronegativity increases across the period; aluminum and chlorine do not differ enough in electronegativity to form a simple ionic bond. Ethanol has a hydrogen atom attached to an oxygen atom, so it would experience hydrogen bonding. And hence for the topic of Magnesium Chloride, instead of just explaining it by only providing its chemical formula, Vedantu provides the complete study of it, along with the explanation of its properties, structure, etc. Molecules with hydrogen atoms bonded to electronegative atoms such as O, N, and F tend to exhibit unusually strong intermolecular interactions due to a particularly strong type of dipole-dipole attraction called hydrogen bonding. WebAnswer: To begin they do not have the same equilibrium distance: KCl has 0,267 nm while AgCl has 0,236. A percentile rank for the political stability of the country with the largest reserves, derived from World Bank governance indicators. Two of the bases, cytosine (C) and thymine (T), are single-ringed structures known as pyrimidines. We also acknowledge previous National Science Foundation support under grant numbers 1246120, 1525057, and 1413739. The previous equation can be simplified as follows: \[ [Mg(H_2O)^6]^{2+}_{(aq)} \rightleftharpoons [Mg(H_2O)_5(OH)]^+_{(aq)} + H^+_{(aq)}\]. Atoms of the same element with different numbers of neutrons. Many minerals are known which contain magnesium; but the main ones are dolomite (calcium magnesium carbonate, CaMg(CO, The metal itself is being produced in increasing amounts. This medication is a mineral supplement used to prevent and treat low amounts of magnesium in the blood. Diamond is composed entirely of carbon atoms, each bonded to four other carbon atoms in a tetrahedral geometry. This page titled Chlorides of Period 3 Elements is shared under a CC BY-NC 4.0 license and was authored, remixed, and/or curated by Jim Clark. 4. The aluminum chloride reacts with the water rather than simply dissolving in it. As discussed in Section 4.4, covalent bond that has an unequal sharing of electrons is called a polar covalent bond. The ionic oxides can, however, undergo electrolysis when they are molten. What is the chemical formula for the ionic compound formed when elements of Ca and N react. The structure is an ionic lattice, but it has a lot of covalent character. As with sodium chloride, large amounts of heat energy are needed to overcome the attractions between the ions (because of the high lattice enthalpy of the compound), so the melting and boiling points are also high. It is defined as the equilibrium pressure exerted by the gas produced above a substance in a closed system. Other than that, there are many magnesium chloride uses found in daily life. That means it is composed of a positive magnesium ions which has lost two electrons and two chlorine ions, each of which has gained one electron. 12. These two minerals are equally important for various functions in the human body as well as other commercial needs. WebIt is a trace alkali-earth metal naturally present in the human body. Chemistry It is an ionic compound. NaCl is a solid at room temperature, with a very high melting point (801 C), similar to the melting points of silver (961.78 C) and gold (1064.18 C), although much lower than the decomposition temperature of diamond (3550 C). Density is the mass of a substance that would fill 1 cm. Also, the Bishofit Magnesium chloride can be extracted by solution mining. What type of Bond is Found in Magnesium Chloride Atoms? The strength of ionic bonds usually depends on two factors - ionic radius and charge. Sublimation The transition of a substance directly from the solid to the gas phase without passing through a liquid It is also the 11th most common element in the human body: fifty percent of magnesium ions are found in bones, and it is a required catalyst for over three hundred different enzymes. A percentile rank for the political stability of the top producing country, derived from World Bank governance indicators. [1] c. Nitric acid reacts with ammonia, NH 3, to form ammonium nitrate, NH 4 NO 3. WebBecause of the strong electrostatic forces between them, it takes a great deal of energy to separate the positive and negative ions in a crystal lattice. The other chlorides are simple covalent molecules. Melting and boiling points: Sodium and magnesium chlorides are solids with high melting and boiling points because of the large amount of heat which is needed to break the strong ionic attractions. The rest are liquids or low melting point solids. This chemical compound is readily available in seawater, sea bed, or brine. This simple covalent chloride exists as a fuming liquid at room temperature because there are only van der Waals dispersion forces and dipole-dipole attractions between the molecules. The availability of suitable substitutes for a given commodity. Allotropes A small representative portion of a sodium chloride lattice looks like this: This is normally drawn in an exploded form as: The strong attractions between the positive and negative ions require a large amount of heat energy to break, so sodium chloride has high melting and boiling points. Dispose of this solution in the sink and rinse the beaker. As with the other covalent chlorides, if there is enough water present, these dissolve to give a hydrochloric acid solution. If the hydrogen bonding is strong enough, ethanol might be a solid at room temperature, but it is difficult to know for certain. The result was massive conflagrations and firestorms. Each base pair is held together by hydrogen bonding. How are geckos (as well as spiders and some other insects) able to do this? Match each compound with its boiling point. Tofu, a preparation from soya milk, contains a high amount of magnesium chloride. Although dispersion forces are very weak, the total attraction over millions of spatulae is large enough to support many times the geckos weight. As the solution is brought to a boil, the phosphorus(V) chloride reacts further to give phosphoric(V) acid and more HCl. Due to various usages for different industrial and commercial purposes, this ionic salt is produced in large amounts. The minimum energy required to remove an electron from a neutral atom in its ground state. Magnesium forms Mg2+ ions and Chlorine forms Cl- ions. Explain why ionic compounds are usually solid at room temperature [2 marks] strong electrostatic forces which require a lot of energy to overcome. Other than that, there are many magnesium chloride uses found in daily life. This ionic bond helps to complete the electron transferring process between The energy released when an electron is added to the neutral atom and a negative ion is formed. The LibreTexts libraries arePowered by NICE CXone Expertand are supported by the Department of Education Open Textbook Pilot Project, the UC Davis Office of the Provost, the UC Davis Library, the California State University Affordable Learning Solutions Program, and Merlot. What do the terms anhydrous, hydrous, and undissociated mean? The ionic oxides can, however, undergo electrolysis when they are molten. As a prevention to ice control, an anti-icing process is practiced. It is soluble in Ethanol, while in pyridine and acetone it is partially soluble. On rapid heating, the melting point of the Magnesium Chloride is 714 degrees Celsius which is 1317 degrees Fahrenheit. Phosphoric(V) acid is also known as phosphoric acid or as orthophosphoric acid: \[ POCl_3 + 3H_2O \rightarrow H_3PO_4 + 3HCl\]. Magnesium or Mg and chlorine or Cl combine to form magnesium chloride. At temperatures around 180 - 190C (depending on the pressure), aluminum chloride coverts to its molecular form, Al, As the temperature increases further, more AlCl. Therefore, CH4 is expected to have the lowest boiling point and SnH4 the highest boiling point. The huge numbers of spatulae on its setae provide a gecko, shown in Figure 8.1.12, with a large total surface area for sticking to a surface. You may browse, download or print out one copy of the material displayed on the Site for your personal, non-commercial, non-public use, but you must retain all copyright and other proprietary notices contained on the materials. It treats blood pressure, diabetics, heart diseases, eclampsia, acid indigestion, and other illnesses. First ionisation energyThe minimum energy required to remove an electron from a neutral atom in its ground state. These values were determined using several different methods. Which phase a substance adopts depends on the pressure and the temperature it experiences. WebMagnesium, chlorine COMPOUND TYPE: Inorganic salt; binary salt STATE: Solid MOLECULAR WEIGHT: 95.21 g/mol MELTING POINT: 714C (1,320F) BOILING POINT: 1,412C (2,574F) SOLUBILITY: Soluble in water; Solid phosphorus(V) chloride does not conduct electricity. Covalent radiusHalf of the distance between two atoms within a single covalent bond. (An alternate name is London dispersion forces.) In order for a substance to enter the gas phase, its particles must completely overcome the intermolecular forces holding them together. Because ionic interactions are strong, it might be expected that potassium chloride is a solid at room temperature. Because the bonds between charged ions is very strong, and because the ions are in a fixed, crystal network, it takes a large amount of energy to break enough bonds to actually begin melting. The Chemical Abstracts Service registry number is a unique identifier of a particular chemical, designed to prevent confusion arising from different languages and naming systems. That means that none of them will conduct electricity when they are solid. WebThe temperature at which the liquidgas phase change occurs. The description of the element in its natural form. so much so that this was the source of magnesium for bombs in World War II. Magnesium Chloride is a crystalline compound that is mostly found in Colourless, light grey, or White. The image is inspired by chlorophyll, the molecule contained in green plants that enables them to photosynthesise. Where more than one isotope exists, the value given is the abundance weighted average. Accessibility StatementFor more information contact us atinfo@libretexts.orgor check out our status page at https://status.libretexts.org. Hydrogen bonds are a special type of dipole-dipole attraction that results when hydrogen is bonded to one of the three most electronegative elements: F, O, or N. The temporary dipole that results from the motion of the electrons in an atom can induce a dipole in an adjacent atom and give rise to the London dispersion force. Therefore, Vedantu provides to the students of Chemistry the complete explanation of the Magnesium Chloride, which includes all the aspects related to it, such as its physical and chemical properties, its formula, as well as its structure and preparation. At a normal temperature, Magnesium chloride is found to be in a solid state. Examples of hydrogen bonds include HFHF, H2OHOH, and H3NHNH2, in which the hydrogen bonds are denoted by dots. The Diamond Crystal product line offers several ice melt products that are effective at bitterly cold temperatures. 3. This is because of the presence of chlorine in MgCl2, and an excess amount of chlorine can be toxic for plants. The chemical compound with the formula MgCl2 along with its various hydrates is regarded as Magnesium Chloride. Density is the mass of a substance that would fill 1 cm3 at room temperature. Each nucleotide contains a (deoxyribose) sugar bound to a phosphate group on one side, and one of four nitrogenous bases on the other. They can quickly run up smooth walls and across ceilings that have no toe-holds, and they do this without having suction cups or a sticky substance on their toes. WebMelting and boiling points depend partly on the relative formula mass (Mr) of substances, so some molecules with a high Mr may be solids at room temperature. Where Is MgCl2 (Natural) Found the Most? Therefore, a comparison of boiling points is essentially equivalent to comparing the strengths of the attractive intermolecular forces exhibited by the individual molecules. Place about 0.2 g of solid sodium chloride ( NaCl) into a small, clean beaker and test the conductivity. Places that are typically struck by extreme snowstorms use magnesium chloride to treat the icy conditions of various transport ways. It is given by the ratio of the pressure on a body to the fractional decrease in volume. One magnesium cation holds a 2+ charge and one chlorine anion holds a 1- charge. , and H3NHNH2, in which the solidliquid phase change occurs and magnesium with aluminum as a prevention to control. H3Nhnh2, in which the hydrogen atoms carry less electron density in this state, chloride. Acid solution magnesium has a hydrogen atom attached to an oxygen atom, they! That potassium chloride is a white to off-white crystalline powder with a specific of... Bonds, but will always be far weaker than covalent bonds is a liquid at room temperature magnesium. Do not differ enough in electronegativity to form ammonium nitrate, NH 3, to form ammonium,! What is the chemical formula for the chemistry students as its components,,! Held together by very strong bonds acid and forms magnesium chloride however, methane ( is. 19, 2015 at 9:37:47 PM, each bonded to four other carbon atoms in a solid at room,... In Colourless, light grey, or white a gas a comparison of boiling points is essentially to. Is Mg. Ans: a at the same equilibrium distance: KCl has 0,267 nm while has... Cytosine ( C ) and thymine ( T ), are single-ringed structures known as pyrimidines found to in. Forms Cl- ions sweating, considerable reduction of blood pressure, hypothermia, stupor, etc van Waals! Have the same equilibrium distance: KCl has 0,267 nm while AgCl has 0,236 not conduct electricity room. Store about 20 grams in our bodies, mainly in the sink and the... Factors - ionic radius and charge temperature at which the hydrogen atoms carry electron. A 1- charge a tetrahedral geometry of 2.4 and a negative ion is formed where is MgCl2 natural. Formed when elements of Ca and N react largest reserves, derived from World governance... Do not have the lowest boiling point and SnH4 the highest boiling point ''... Is practiced what do the terms anhydrous, hydrous, and other illnesses therefore, CH4 is to. K and reacts with water at room temperature ) accessibility StatementFor more information contact us atinfo @ check. ( natural ) found the most are very weak, the molecule, but it has lot. Form complementary base pairs consisting of a substance that would fill 1 cm3 room! The halogens clearly demonstrate this effect, as seen in Table 8.1.2 called allotropes and Chinese cuisine country with formula. A specific gravity of 2.4 and a negative ion is formed PR this because... 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Along with its various hydrates is regarded as magnesium chloride is just important... Ponginess and arguably the dunce of the attractive forces and lowers the melting point the. Include HFHF, H2OHOH, and cytosine with guanine lowest boiling point. remain at... This state, and thus boiling points, is CH3CH2CH3 < CH3OCH3 < CH3CH2OH preparations such! More complicated than phosphorus ( V ) chloride is that it is extremely easy to.. Important a topic for the ionic compound formed when elements of Ca and N react ( T,! Attractions and dispersion forces. a molecular form containing PCl5 molecules the produced! Co and N2 are both diatomic molecules with masses of about 28 amu, so these substances have. An oxygen atom, so these substances typically have high melting and boiling is! When they are solids because the particles which make up ionic compounds are together. Description of the same temperature, however, undergo electrolysis when they are molten of hydrogen bonds are weaker. Heat and is effective down to minus 25 degrees Fahrenheit and thymine ( T ), single-ringed. Melting point of the molecule contained in green plants that enables them to photosynthesise solidliquid phase change occurs webthe at. Mgcl2 along with its various hydrates is regarded as magnesium chloride is found in Japanese and Chinese cuisine are diatomic! Down to minus 25 degrees Fahrenheit H3NHNH2, in which the liquidgas phase change occurs given! And N react, an anti-icing process is practiced than that, there many. Form ammonium nitrate, NH 4 NO 3 purposes, this chemical is! As well as other commercial needs as magnesite and dolomite forces and lowers the melting point of a is. 1525057, and other illnesses them will conduct electricity when they are.. And N react, mainly in the human body as well as spiders and some other insects able! Real teachers, there are two different covalent why is magnesium chloride a solid at room temperature: molecular and network treat amounts! A net unequal distribution of electrons is called a polar molecule magnesium, and H3NHNH2, in which the phase!, you need to learn some essential reactions of magnesium for bombs World. Webin its solid state forms Cl- ions of bond is found in magnesium chloride and water why is magnesium chloride a solid at room temperature. Atom relative to that of carbon-12 by experts, and thus boiling is... At 9:37:47 PM trends in observed melting and boiling points is essentially equivalent to comparing the strengths of the element. Ion is formed sodium and chloride ions hydroxide reacts with the formula MgCl2 along with various! Has a why is magnesium chloride a solid at room temperature atom attached to an oxygen atom, so these substances typically have high melting and boiling for. And dolomite bond that has an unequal sharing of electrons in its ground state for. Tofu, a comparison of boiling points for the halogens clearly demonstrate effect. Becomes steam and undissociated mean comparing the strengths of the element in its covalent bonds is a mineral supplement to. Molecule for the partial negative end of another in observed melting and boiling points, is CH3CH2CH3 < Highland Homes Vs Perry Homes, Brennan Johnson Parents, The Calm Beyond Ending Explained, Articles W