Polymyxins: a new hope in combating Gram-negative superbugs? Rev. A thermal cycler (left) is used during a polymerase chain reaction (PCR). doi: 10.1016/j.lwt.2016.04.044, Gal, J. Additionally, yeasts of the genus Pichia have been added to coffee fermentation to improve the quality and flavor of the beverage because they increase the production of the natural flavoring isoamyl acetate (Saerens and Swiegers, 2016). Summary report of the experiments conducted at Pouilly-le-Fort, near Melun, on the anthrax vaccination, 1881. (1996). Prog. J. Biotechnol. This technique consists of the construction of recombinant microbial strains that contain a reporter gene (lux, GFP, or lacZ), i.e., a gene that generates a signal when the biological reaction between a microorganism and analyte occurs (Bechor et al., 2002; Lei et al., 2006). Vaccine 24, 367373. Halophilic microorganism resources and their applications in industrial and environmental biotechnology. GMOs. By contrast, the products of heterologous proteins obtained from S. cerevisiae comprise hormones (insulin, insulin analogs, and glucagon), vaccines (hepatitis B virus surface antigen), and virus-like particles (VLPs) (Ferrer-Miralles et al., 2009). doi: 10.1016/j.bios.2015.12.101, Kim, K. R., Song, Y. H., Seo, J. H., and Kang, D. G. (2016). A., and Heath, D. D. (2016). Comparative evaluation of three different intramuscular delivery methods for DNA immunization in a nonhuman primate animal model. The versatility of these microbes has enhanced the study and application of them in biotechnology, industry, and medical field. Indian J. Chem. Alginate: properties and biomedical applications. Carbohydrate vaccines are developed based on the knowledge that the vast majority of pathogens have dense distributions of polysaccharides, oligosaccharides, and complex glycans on their cell surface (glycocalyx) and that infected organisms detect the presence of pathogens through glycocalyx recognition and pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) that stimulate host defense responses (Astronomo and Burton, 2010; Pifferi et al., 2017). Limited research results, inappropriate prescription of antibiotics, and misuse of antibiotics by the general population have threatened antibiotic potency and increased the occurrence of superbugs, i.e., microorganisms that appear at an alarming rate and are resistant to most or all clinical antibiotics in use (Srivastava et al., 2011). Wast Manag. The Egyptians, who already used yeast to brew beer, began to employ this microorganism to make bread. At the same time, the technological race for the development of a vaccine against dengue continues. (2015). Production, purification, characterization, and applications of lipases. Glucoamylase is one of the oldest and widely used biocatalysts in food industry. The potentiality of cross-linked fungal chitosan to control water contamination through bioactive filtration. 27, 297306. Benef. 19, 627662. The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest. Physiological and biochemical response of Aedes aegypti tolerance to Bacillus thuringiensis. Perspectives on the probiotic potential of lactic acid bacteria from African traditional fermented foods and beverages. Bechor, O., Smulski, D. R., Van Dyk, T. K., LaRossa, R. A., and Belkin, S. (2002). Carbohydr. 128, 196202. Science 354, 11701173. doi: 10.1039/9781849732765-00227, Anupama, and Ravindra, P. (2000). Int. Industries utilising microbial enzymes are food, pharmaceutical, detergent, leather, waste management and many others. Single cell proteins: as nutritional enhancer. In the manufacture of such vaccines, all genes that are not essential for replication are first eliminated from the virus. Modifying insect population age structure to control vector-borne disease. 84, 97100. doi: 10.1016/j.copbio.2015.09.003, Carter, P. J. Biofuel Bioprod. Microbial Enzymes and Their Applications in Industries and Medicine 2014 Microbial Enzymes and Their Applications in Industries and Medicine 2014 . FIGURE 4. Building on that ethos of providing industry leading solutions for temperature and climate control, the m360 team expanded on what is provided in our standard product and introduced future-proof features to further ensure Memmert device . Extracellular production of tellurium nanoparticles by the photosynthetic bacterium Rhodobacter capsulatus. An important family of biomaterials includes the bioplastics. J. The major advantages of microbial enzymes in many industries such as food, detergent, pharmaceutical, paper, and textile industries are discussed. (2017). 82, 438449. 37, 106126. PLoS ONE 10:e0128008. doi: 10.1007/s12010-014-1146-1, Fynan, E. F., Wwbster, R. G., Fuller, D. H., Haynes, J. R., Santoro, J. C., and Robinson, H. L. (1993). Recent developments such as the discovery of functional xylose isomerases (Kuyper et al., 2005) resulted in the creation of new yeasts capable of fermenting 5-carbon (C5) sugars, as well as 6-carbon (C6) sugars. Additionally, transcriptomics can be used to monitor the gene expression of virulence factors in microorganisms, aiding scientists in better understanding pathogenic processes from this viewpoint. Many of the molecular tools discovered in recent decades have been produced using prokaryotic microbes. The flow chart of the enzyme production from microorganisms is shown in Fig. It also involves the transmission of hereditary characters in microbes. Bioeng. Afr. For use as medical materials, the high purity of PHAs is enhanced by using bioceramics and/or bioactive glasses that improve their biomechanical properties and increase their bioactivity (Radecka et al., 2016). Biotechnol. Macromol. Samples were found in different archeological sites dating to 20001200 BC (Samuel, 1996). Personal genome sequence information may someday be used to prescribe medications that will be most effective and least toxic on the basis of the individual patients genotype. Biotechnol. 24, 13631382. doi: 10.1016/j.ymben.2016.01.007. This vaccine, however, is currently only available under private health care systems at very high prices. 42, 28392848. Epub 2015 Jun 16. Microbial alginate production, modification and its applications. Biotechnol. Sens. These drugs therefore provide a new and promising way of thinking about the treatment of diseases caused by microorganisms. F1000 Res. Vaccin. Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi are an alternative to the application of chemical fertilizer in the production of the medicinal and aromatic plant Coriandrum sativum L. J. Toxicol. Microbial factories for recombinant pharmaceuticals. Utilisation of sugar beet bagasse for the biosynthesis of yeast SCP. H.-W. Vohr (Berlin: Springer), 715720. 57, 295303. J. Invertebr. In the plant-microorganism relationship, the mineral nutrients (mainly phosphorus, nitrogen and water) are extracted from the soil through the extensive network of hyphae and transferred to the plant, and organic compounds of carbon are transferred from the plant to the AMF. Development of new microbial strains that are more efficient in synthesizing useful products. Health 79, 329337. Effects of pellet characteristics on L-lactic acid fermentation by R. oryzae: pellet morphology, diameter, density, and interior structure. In addition, microbial enzymes have been used to obtain natural scents and flavorings for foods (Carroll et al., 2016), although these compounds can often be directly obtained from the general metabolism of filamentous fungi, such as A. niger and Pycnoporus cinnabarinus, which can act together in a process that leads to the synthesis of vanillin, an important food flavoring, from autoclaved maize bran (Lesage-Meessen et al., 2002). Adv. Biol. 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By contrast, the endospores of the bacterium Pasteuria sp. Another aspect of environmental technological microbiology is advances in the knowledge and use of the symbiotic relationship between plants and mycorrhizal fungi as a strategy to increase plant biomass or increase the yields of products of agricultural or pharmacological interest (e.g., Boyer et al., 2016; Gabriele et al., 2016; Khl et al., 2016). In addition, in the 1970s, Carl Woese and colleagues used the 16S rRNA molecule, a universally conserved sequence, as a taxonomic marker and revealed that our ignorance about microbial diversity was enormous, capable of hiding the existence of a new prokaryotic domain, the Archaea (Woese and Fox, 1977; Woese et al., 1990). Metagenomics and metatranscriptomics allow researchers to study genes and gene expression from a collection of multiple species, many of which may not be easily cultured or cultured at all in the laboratory. RNA interference 6. doi: 10.1007/s00289-008-0987-6, Belda, I., Ruiz, J., Navascus, E., Marquina, D., and Santos, A. Bacteriol. The most prominent disease being studied with proteomic approaches is cancer, but this area of study is also being applied to infectious diseases. (1988). J. Nematol. (2005). Further manipulations of these species are expected to create strains capable of producing a wide variety of non-native commercial products. (2002). A biotechnological process involving filamentous fungi to produce natural crystalline vanillin from maize bran. doi: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2016.06.017, Liao, J. C., Mi, L., Pontrelli, S., and Luo, S. (2016). 21, 14931500. Total and functional antibody response to a quadrivalent meningococcal polysaccharide vaccine among children. 37, 615636. (2011). Holloway, B. W. (1969). J. Gene transfer and movement 4. Vaccine 12, 195199. Fuelling the future: microbial engineering for the production of sustainable biofuels. J. Trop. Stable introduction of a Life-Shortening Wolbachia Infection into the Mosquito Aedes aegypti. Chem. Life Sci. However, Technological Microbiology has obstacles to overcome, and these obstacles extend beyond the continuous search for unconventional microbial species with valuable metabolic properties. Nanomedicine 11, 23872398. Allied Sci. use parasitism as a method of control. Fungal chitosan production and its characterization. N. Engl. Among the latter are 4-hydroxybenzoate, tyrosine, and phenylalanine, which are precursors common to a large number of non-native commercial products (Zhang et al., 2016). For example, a vaccine for hepatitis B is created by inserting a gene encoding a hepatitis B surface protein into a yeast; the yeast then produces this protein, which the human immune system recognizes as an antigen. doi: 10.1016/j.bios.2009.08.019, Su, L., Jia, W., Hou, C., and Lei, Y. Biopesticides: an effective and environmental friendly insect-pests inhibitor line of action. Industrial microbiology is a branch of biotechnology that applies microbial sciences to create industrial products in mass quantities, often using microbial cell factories. (2016). doi: 10.1016/j.bios.2016.11.026, Bian, G., Xu, Y., Lu, P., Xie, Y., and Xi, Z. J. Chitin. Seed coating with arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi as an ecotechnological approach for sustainable agricultural production of common wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). Many of the molecular tools discovered in recent decades have been produced using prokaryotic microbes. The industry is now able to produce some microbial pigments for applications in food, cosmetics or textiles. doi: 10.1073/pnas.0407921102, McIntosh, S., Zhang, Z., Palmer, J., Wong, H.-H., Doherty, W. O. S., and Vancov, T. (2016). 73, 190197. Biotechnol. J. Biotechnol. Med. doi: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2009.01.008, Djekrif-Dakhmouche, S., Gheribi-Aoulmi, Z., Meraihi, Z., and Bennamoun, L. (2006). Technol. (2007). Bioinformatics is a discipline developed on the basis of biology, mathematics and computer science. Catal. Noteworthy facts about a methane-producing microbial community processing acidic effluent from sugar beet molasses fermentation. Bioelectron. Polysaccharides of secondary metabolites can be obtained using Ganoderma lucidum, Cordyceps sinensis, and C. militaris (Paterson, 2006, 2008; Wadt et al., 2015). Likewise, PGPRs (plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria) act through direct and indirect mechanisms to promote plant growth. 9, 15981611. Bioelectron. As an example, the thermal cycler in Figure 8.1 is used to perform a diagnostic technique called the polymerase chain reaction (PCR), which relies on DNA polymerase enzymes from thermophilic bacteria. Emir. Proc. Adv. The species Cupriavidus necator is one of those responding more favorably to the conditions for industrial production. doi: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2005.07.072, Rasinger, J. D., Marrazza, G., Briganti, F., Scozzafava, A., Mascini, M., and Turner, A. P. F. (2005). Enzymes have a wide range of applications in the production of both medical and non-medical field. Patelski, P., Berlowska, J., Dziugan, P., Pielech-Przybylska, K., Balcerek, M., Dziekonska, U., et al. doi: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1000833, Biebl, H., Menzel, K., Zeng, A.-P., and Deckwer, W.-D. (1999). Ann. doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa1306801, Maleki, S., Almaas, E., Zotchev, S., Valla, S., and Ertesvg, H. (2016). Plant Sci. 21, 502507. Through these various global approaches, scientists continue to collect, compile, and analyze large amounts of genetic information. C. R. Biol. Sci. 17, 193199. Technol. For environmental monitoring of cadmium, a biosensor in which cells express -galactosidase in the presence of this metal is also available (Shin, 2016). In general, these vaccines are effective stimulators of humoral immune responses, but in many cases, multiple doses are required for long-term immunity since they do not stimulate the production of immunoglobulin A (IgA) or cytotoxic T cell responses because the virus does not replicate. (2017). Dis. 35, 6474. Drug Resist. Microbes 4, 127142. israelensis. Res. doi: 10.1016/S0734-9750(00)00045-8, Appels, L., Baevens, J., Degrve, J., and Dewil, R. (2008). Paris 250, 17271729. 64, 679699. Another alternative, also focused on preventing the proliferation of the dengue virus vector, is the use of a biological insecticide. (2004). These are just a few of the numerous applications of microbial genetics that we will explore in this chapter. 32, 213234. Int. 54, 151155. doi: 10.1016/j.bjm.2016.10.007, Kampmann, M., Boll, S., Kossuch, J., Bielecki, J., Uhl, S., Kleiner, B., et al. (2016). The most used yeasts for obtaining SCPs are Saccharomyces, Candida, and Rhodotorula. Liposome-based adjuvants for subunit vaccines: formulation strategies for subunit antigens and immunostimulators. MICROBIAL GENETICS (BIO-375/575 . Lipases microbianas: produo, propriedades e aplicaes biotecnolgicas. Quart. They are crucial for the production of a variety of metabolites, such as ethanol, butanol, lactic acid and riboflavin, as well as the transformation of chemicals that help to reduce environmental pollution. Even though the vaccine does not contain the hepatitis B virus, the presence of the antigenic protein stimulates the immune system to produce antibodies that will protect the patient against the virus in the event of exposure.4 5. doi: 10.1016/S0926-3373(00)00168-5, Durbin, A. P. (2016). Kary Mullis and others contributors found that this enzyme could be used in the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) to amplify DNA fragments (Chien et al., 1976; Saiki et al., 1988). These microbial lipases are being employed in the hydrolysis of milk fat, improving the aromatization of dairy products. doi: 10.1016/S0924-2244(97)01066-2. Traditional covalent linkages between carbohydrates and carrier proteins have been used to increase immune responses to polysaccharide antigens (Nishat and Andreana, 2016), thereby obtaining conjugate vaccines. The study and comparison of entire genomes, including the complete set of genes and their nucleotide sequence and organization, is called genomics. doi: 10.1002/chir.20494. The immunity induced by recombinant vaccines is usually attributed to the ability of the recombinant virus to express the gene of interest at high levels within the host cells. A study showed that SeNPs attach to the bacterial cell wall, causing irreversible damage to the membrane, thus achieving a remarkable synergistic antibacterial effect that inhibits MRSA (Huang X. et al., 2016). (2005). Sequencing the entire microbial genome is important for construction of accurate reference genomes, microbial identification, and other comparative genomic studies . Kinetic study on the removal of toxic phenol and chlorophenol from waste water by horseradish peroxidise. 7:1237. doi: 10.3389/fpls.2016.01237, Brito, M. A., and Cordeiro, B. C. (2012). These microorganisms therefore reduce the need for application of chemical fertilizers in soils (e.g., Abdel-Fattah et al., 2016; Oliveira et al., 2016a,b). Bacterial larvicide, Bacillus thuringiensis israelensis strain AM 65-52 water dispersible granule formulation impacts both dengue vector, Aedes aegypti (L.) population density and disease transmission in Cambodia. J. Pediatr. The OPH catalyzes the hydrolysis of organophosphorus pesticides releasing protons, whose concentration is proportional to the amount of substrate analyzed (Mulchandani et al., 1998; Kim H. J. et al., 2016). Genetic engineering provides an alternative method for improving microbial starter cultures. Therefore, we believe that policies aimed at the control of epidemics and the advancement of agricultural pests should be considered worldwide, to prevent the movement of microorganisms from the position of species, with ecological niches and functional traits to be studied, to the position of villains, generating incalculable impacts on health and the economy. J. Biotechnol. Sandgathe, A., Tippe, D., Dilsen, S., Meens, J., Halfar, M., Weuster-Botz, D., et al. doi: 10.2147/IDR.S47305, Kunz, A., Reginatto, V., and Durn, N. (2001). Firstly, it's safe, fast, reproducible and accurate. Bioresour. Quim. Higgins, J. P. T., Soares-Weiser, K., and Reingold, A. One such technology employs microorganisms, such as phages, yeasts, bacteria, and viruses, to display repertoires of single-chain variable-domain antibody fragments (ScFvs), antigen-binding fragments (Fab), or domain antibodies (Dabs) on their surfaces (Carter, 2006). 25, 690701. doi: 10.1016/S0376-7388(01)00626-3, Ames, B. N., and Martin, R. G. (1964). doi: 10.1016/j.jgeb.2016.05.001, Ivanov, V., and Stabnikov, V. (2016). 4, 1320. Science 273, 488490. J. Agric. Knowledge of a family history of conditions such as cancer or various disorders may indicate a hereditary tendency to develop these afflictions. 131, 295300. J. J. Hist. On the other hand, Puccinia canaliculata can control yellow nutsedge (Cyperus esculentus L) by completely inhibiting flowering and reducing tuber formation (Duke et al., 2015). Attenuated vaccines have been efficiently developed for a range of diseases: mumps, polio (Sabin), rubella, measles, smallpox, chickenpox, tuberculosis, yellow fever, and dengue. Technol. doi: 10.1073/pnas.74.11.5088, Woese, C. R., Kandler, O., and Wheelis, M. L. (1990). Energy Production 4. Pak. PLoS Negl. Nematol. Hum. 40, 20162020. Amylases obtained from cultures of Aspergillus niger (e.g., Omemu et al., 2005; Djekrif-Dakhmouche et al., 2006; Adejuwon et al., 2015) or Bacillus subtilis (e.g., Ploss et al., 2016; Salman et al., 2016), for example, have been used in place of chemical additives in the treatment of wheat flour (e.g., Bueno et al., 2016), improving the preparation of dough for baking and allowing the acquisition of pre-cooked foods. Far from abandoning it in the 21st century, we are developing new uses for biological organisms. doi: 10.1080/1065657X.2002.10702075, Tofalo, R., Perpetuini, G., Di Gianvito, P., Arfelli, G., Schirone, M., Corsetti, A., et al. Environ. These are model pesticides, as they are non-toxic to mammals and active against nematodes, even at very low doses. Microbial genetics provides powerful tools for deciphering the regulation, as well as the functional and pathway organization, of cellular processes. Optimization and microbial community analysis for production of biogas from solid waste residues of palm oil mill industry by solid-state anaerobic digestion. doi: 10.1073/pnas.70.11.3240, Coker, J. Cellulolytic and xylanolytic activities of common indoor fungi. Medium optimization for the production of amylase by Bacillus subtilis RM16 in Shake-flask fermentation. Regulation of plants phosphate uptake in common mycorrhizal networks: role of intraradical fungal phosphate transporters. Biochem. Modification of genetic components of bacteria and manipulation of enzymatic action offer dramatic prospects in dairy industry. Chitosan. Genetics :- Science of heredity study of what genes are, how they carry info, how they are replicated, and how expression of the info determines characteristics of the organism. Obviously, the success of the use of microbial nanoparticles in nanotechnology and nanomedicine depends on the identification of new species of microorganisms and on the knowledge of the microbial interactions that occur in natural environments that can lead to the discovery of new molecules (Bajaj et al., 2012; Avendao et al., 2016; Borghese et al., 2016). A biotechnological process involving filamentous fungi to produce some microbial pigments for in. Continue to collect, compile, and Heath, D. D. ( 2016.... ( 2012 ) strains that are not essential for replication are first eliminated from the.! Not essential for replication are first eliminated from the virus C. ( )! Pathway organization, of cellular processes cancer, but this area of study is also being applied to diseases... 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