[202] The point of the attacks was to destroy the local Communist Party leadership and therefore the state, including "Jews in the Party and State employment", and any "radical elements". [216], At first the Einsatzgruppen targeted the male Jewish intelligentsia, defined as male Jews aged 1560 who had worked for the state and in certain professions. [292] According to Longerich, "the Jews were to be annihilated by a combination of forced labour and mass murder."[294]. By 1944 the Soviet death toll was at least 20million.[201]. [64] The camps served as a deterrent by terrorizing Germans who did not support the regime. [51] The Nazi Party (the Nationalsozialistische Deutsche Arbeiterpartei or National Socialist German Workers' Party) originated as an offshoot of the vlkisch movement, and it adopted that movement's antisemitism. [p] Cesarani writes that the killing of Jews was at this point a "subset" of these activities. [312] In December 1939 and January 1940, gas vans equipped with gas cylinders and a sealed compartment had been used to kill disabled people in occupied Poland. The Russian Academy of Science article by M. V. Filimoshin based this figure on sources published in the Soviet era. After opposition from both the government and public, eight non-Finnish Jews were deported in late 1942; only one survived the war. [185], Yugoslavia, home to 80,000 Jews, was dismembered; regions in the north were annexed by Germany and Hungary, regions along the coast were made part of Italy, Kosovo and western Macedonia were given to Albania, while Bulgaria received eastern Macedonia. [421] In countries allied to Germany, the state's control over its citizens, including the Jews, was seen as a matter of sovereignty. There was discussion about whether to include the German Mischlinge (half-Jews). [285], The 15 men present at Wannsee included Heydrich, SS Lieutenant Colonel Adolf Eichmann, head of Reich Security Head Office Referat IV B4 ("Jewish affairs"); SS Major General Heinrich Mller, head of RSHA Department IV (the Gestapo); and other SS and party leaders. Germany implemented the persecution in stages. Janusz Gumkowski and Kazimierz Leszczynski, sfn error: no target: CITEREFGordon1984 (, Piotrowski, Tadeusz. [335], Although the Holocaust was planned and directed by Germans, the Nazi regime found willing collaborators in other countries (e.g. The third method, the gas chamber, is employed for those who are ill or incapable of work and those who have been brought in transports especially for the purpose /Soviet prisoners of war, and, recently Jews/. Yad Vashem. [129], The Germans stipulated that each ghetto be led by a Judenrat of 24 male Jews, who would be responsible for carrying out German orders. The second most numerous group, from 70 to 75 thousand, was the Poles, and the third most numerous, about 20 thousand, the Gypsies. [16], The term was popularised in the United States by the NBC mini-series Holocaust (1978) about a fictional family of German Jews,[17] and in November that year the President's Commission on the Holocaust was established. Between November 1933 and December 1939, the agreement resulted in the emigration of about 53,000 German Jews, who were allowed to transfer RM100million of their assets to Palestine by buying German goods, in violation of the Jewish-led anti-Nazi boycott of 1933. [351] In the Biaystok Ghetto on 16 August, Jewish insurgents fought for five days when the Germans announced mass deportations. We have an estimated 2.5 million Jews in the General Government, perhaps with the half-Jews and all that that entails some 3.5 million. WebDuring The Holocaust, millionsof people died or were killed in Nazi Germany. [227] After war broke out in 1939, new camps were established, many outside Germany in occupied Europe. [55] From the early 1920s onwards, he compared the Jews to germs and said they should be dealt with in the same way. The German neuroscientist Julius Hallervorden received 697 brains from one hospital between 1940 and 1944: "I accepted these brains of course. [320] Victims usually arrived at the extermination camps by freight train. [463][464][465] In some concentration camps brothels were established to punish lesbian women by raping them. [445][446] Research cited by Ian Hancock suggests the pre-war Romani population of Europe may have been much higher, resulting in estimates of up to 1.5 million Roma deaths. [53], Early antisemites in the Nazi Party included Dietrich Eckart, publisher of the Vlkischer Beobachter, the party's newspaper, and Alfred Rosenberg, who wrote antisemitic articles for it in the 1920s. WebThe Holocaust was Nazi Germanys deliberate, organized, state-sponsored persecution and machinelike murder of approximately six million European Jews and at least five At Treblinka, to calm the victims, the arrival platform was made to look like a train station, complete with a fake clock. WebAbout six million Jews and some five million others, targeted for racial, political, ideological and behavioral reasons, died in the Holocaustmore than one million of those who [247][249], Thousands of Jews were murdered in January and June 1941 in the Bucharest pogrom and Iai pogrom. [83] T4 was mainly directed at adults, but the euthanasia of children was also carried out. [475] In response, Germany set up the "Remembrance, Responsibility and Future" Foundation in 2000, which paid 4.45billion to former slave laborers (up to 7,670 each). [223] Longerich wrote in 2010 that the gradual increase in brutality and numbers killed between July and September 1941 suggests there was "no particular order". "[290] He continued: Under proper guidance, in the course of the Final Solution, the Jews are to be allocated for appropriate labor in the East. [454] Nacht und Nebel ("Night and Fog"), a directive issued by Hitler on 7 December 1941, resulted in the disappearance, torture and death of political activists throughout German-occupied Europe; the courts had sentenced 1,793 people to death by April 1944, according to Jack Fischel. To prevent panic, they were told the gas chambers were showers or delousing chambers. In December 1941, similar vans, using exhaust fumes rather than bottled gas, were introduced into the camp at Chemno,[300] Victims were asphyxiated while being driven to prepared burial pits in the nearby forests. Before World War II, Europe had 9.5 million Jews. "[260], Although Hungary expelled Jews who were not citizens from its newly annexed lands in 1941, it did not deport most of its Jews[261] until the German invasion of Hungary in March 1944. [80] Estimates for the number of involuntary sterilizations during the whole of the Third Reich range from 300,000 to 400,000. When the German Wehrmacht (armed forces) invaded Poland on 1 September 1939, triggering declarations of war from the UK and France, Germany gained control of about two million Jews in the territory it occupied. [59], Before and after the March 1933 Reichstag elections, the Nazis intensified their campaign of violence against opponents,[60] setting up concentration camps for extrajudicial imprisonment. Instead, it was a question of "a process of increasingly radical interpretations of orders". [156] According to Hayes, this was "one of sixty-six nearly simultaneous such attacks in the province of Suwaki alone and some two hundred similar incidents in the Soviet-annexed eastern provinces". [106][k] When vom Rath died on 9 November, the synagogue and Jewish shops in Dessau were attacked. [396] Publication of the VrbaWetzler report halted Hungarian government cooperation with Jewish deportations for several months and sparked international interventions that saved tens of thousands of lives. After the war this program came to be known as Aktion T4,[82] named after Tiergartenstrae4, the address of a villa in the Berlin borough of Tiergarten, where the various organizations involved were headquartered. [479][480], Memorial to the Murdered Jews of Europe in Berlin, 2016. [248] In June 1941 Romania joined Germany in its invasion of the Soviet Union and within the first few weeks of the invasion, almost the entire rural Jewish population of Bessarabia and Bukovina were decimated. Archived from the original on 26 June 2015. [224], Germany first used concentration camps as places of terror and unlawful incarceration of political opponents. Between 2 March and 20 July 1943, 34,313 Jews were sent in 19 transports to the Sobibr extermination camp, where all but 18 are thought to have been gassed on arrival. They included the head of the German Red Cross, tenured professors, clinic directors, and biomedical researchers. The Russian Academy of Science article by M. V. Filimoshin estimated 6% of the population in the occupied regions died due to war related famine and disease. On 15 March 1940, SS chief Heinrich Himmler stated: "All Polish specialists will be exploited in our military-industrial complex. Those present included (annotated, left to right): Frank continued by discussing their deportation, then asked: "But what is to happen to the Jews? The Nazis, who came to power in Germany in January 1933, believed that Germans were [146] Despite the dangers, thousands of Poles helped Jews. As German forces captured territories in the East, all anti-Jewish measures were radicalized. 2007, page 23, sfn error: no target: CITEREFPiotrowski2007 (, "They conducted deliberate and systematic genocide, viz., the extermination of racial and national groups, against the civilian populations of certain occupied territories in order to destroy particular races and classes of people and national, racial, or religious groups, particularly Jews, Poles, and Gypsies and others. [221][q] According to Browning, writing in 2004, most historians say there was no order, before the invasion of the Soviet Union, to kill all the Soviet Jews. [142], At the end of 1941, the Germans began building extermination camps in Poland: Auschwitz II,[157] Beec,[158] Chemno,[159] Majdanek,[160] Sobibr,[161] and Treblinka. [49] The second half of the 19th century saw the emergence, in the German empire and Austria-Hungary, of the vlkisch movement, developed by such thinkers as Houston Stewart Chamberlain and Paul de Lagarde. [68] Jewish businesses were targeted for closure or "Aryanization", the forcible sale to Germans; of the approximately 50,000 Jewish-owned businesses in Germany in 1933, about 7,000 were still Jewish-owned in April 1939. [176] In July 1940, the Jews in the parts of Alsace-Lorraine that had been annexed to Germany were expelled into Vichy France. When [81], In October 1939 Hitler signed a "euthanasia decree" backdated to 1 September 1939 that authorized Reichsleiter Philipp Bouhler, the chief of Hitler's Chancellery, and Karl Brandt, Hitler's personal physician, to carry out a program of involuntary euthanasia. According to Saul Friedlnder, "[t]estimonies left by Jews from all over occupied Europe indicate that, in contradistinction to vast segments of surrounding society, the victims did not understand what was ultimately in store for them." [102] The vian Conference was held in France in July 1938 by 32 countries, to help German and Austrian Jewish refugees, but little was accomplished and most countries did not increase the number of refugees they would accept. [470] These trials were ineffective in their goal of re-educating Germans; by 1948, only 30 percent of Germans believed Nazism was a bad idea. According to Joseph Goebbels' diary, Hitler decided that the police should be withdrawn: "For once the Jews should feel the rage of the people," Goebbels reported him as saying. [e] The biblical term shoah (Hebrew: ), meaning "calamity" (and also used to refer to "destruction" since the Middle Ages), became the standard Hebrew term for the murder of the European Jews. [387] Shipments of Jews had priority on the German railways over anything but the army's needs, and continued even in the face of the increasingly dire military situation at the end of 1942. [438] On 12 September, Wilhelm Keitel added Poland's intelligentsia to the list. Knowlton, James and Cates, Truett (translators, 1993). [101] Around 7,000 Jewish businesses were "Aryanized", and all the legal restrictions on Jews in Germany were imposed in Austria. Read More Testimonies Video Lectures [240][241] Romania was the second country in Europe after Germany to enact antisemitic legislation, and the only one besides Germany to do so before the 1938 Anschluss. [72] Jewish doctors were dismissed or urged to resign. [21], Holocaust historians commonly define the Holocaust as the genocide of the European Jews by Nazi Germany and its collaborators between 1941 and 1945. Nearly three years earlier, on 30 January 1939, Hitler had told the Reichstag: "if the international Jewish financiers in and outside Europe should succeed in plunging the nations once more into a world war, then the result will be not the Bolshevising of the earth, and thus a victory of Jewry, but the annihilation of the Jewish race in Europe! [461] The police closed gay bars and shut down gay publications. [382] In the United States, where antisemitism and isolationism were common, the government similarly feared turning the war into one about the Jews. By the end of the war, they had killed around two million, including about 1.3million Jews and up to a quarter of a million Roma. WebThe figure includes 7.4 million victims of Nazi genocide and reprisals, 2.2 million deaths of persons deported to Germany as forced labour, and 4.1 million famine and disease [432], From the start of the war against Poland, Germany intended to realize Adolf Hitler's plan, set out in his book Mein Kampf, to acquire "living space" (Lebensraum) in the east for massive settlement of German colonists. [398][399] In January 1945, the Germans held records of 714,000 inmates in concentration camps; by May, 250,000 (35 percent) had died during these marches. WebSix million Jewish people died in the Holocaust - the Nazi campaign to eradicate Europe's Jewish population. Forced labor of camp prisoners became commonplace. Civilians killed in reprisals during the Soviet partisan war account for a major portion. [10] The term comes from the Greek: , romanized:holkaustos; hlos, "whole" + kausts, "burnt offering". In Western Europe, he writes, Jewish communities failed to piece the information together, while in Eastern Europe they could not accept that the stories they had heard from elsewhere would end up applying to them too. [457] According to German historian Detlef Garbe, "no other religious movement resisted the pressure to conform to National Socialism with comparable unanimity and steadfastness. Germany had a policy of forced confiscation of food that resulted in famine deaths of an estimated 6% of the population, or 4.1million. Informants pointed out who was Jewish and the Poles who were helping to hide them[145] during the Judenjagd (hunt for the Jews). The fighting Jews have won for us what is most important: the truth about the weakness of the Germans. [144] The Germans ordered the death penalty for anyone helping Jews. [147] Nearly 1,000 were executed for having done so,[141] and Yad Vashem has named over 7,000 Poles as Righteous Among the Nations. [172], In May 1940, Germany invaded the Netherlands, Luxembourg, Belgium, and France. The evacuated Jews will first be sent, group by group, to so-called transit ghettos, from which they will be transported to the East. "[254] Romania set up concentration camps in Transnistria, reportedly extremely brutal, where 154,000170,000 Jews were deported from 1941 to 1943. [232], Transportation to and between camps was often carried out in closed freight cars with little air or water, long delays and prisoners packed tightly. [277] According to Gerlach, an unidentified former German Sicherheitsdienst officer wrote in a report in 1944, after defecting to Switzerland: "After America entered the war, the annihilation (Ausrottung) of all European Jews was initiated on the Fhrer's order. [136] Although the Warsaw Ghetto contained 30 percent of the city's population, it occupied only 2.4 percent of its area,[137] averaging over nine people per room. [362] One of the famous Jewish groups was the Bielski partisans in Belarus, led by the Bielski brothers. [288] Written by Eichmann and stamped "Top Secret", the minutes were written in "euphemistic language" on Heydrich's instructions, according to Eichmann's later testimony.[289]. [359] In the occupied Polish and Soviet territories, thousands of Jews fled into the swamps or forests and joined the partisans,[360] although the partisan movements did not always welcome them. This perception contributed to the canard of Jewish Bolshevism. [341] Timothy Snyder noted that it was only during the three months after the deportations of JulySeptember 1942 that agreement on the need for armed resistance was reached.[342]. [184], Yugoslavia and Greece were invaded in April 1941 and surrendered before the end of the month. [134] In the ghettos and forced-labor camps, at least half a million died of starvation, disease, and poor living conditions. Prisoners condemned to death by the Gestapo are murdered by the first two methods. [213] In the Kamianets-Podilskyi massacre (Soviet Ukraine), nearly 24,000 Jews were killed between 27 and 30 August 1941. Open about his hatred of Jews, he subscribed to common antisemitic stereotypes. [427] The United States Holocaust Memorial Museum estimates that 3.3million of 5.7million Soviet POWs died in German custody. [372] Szlama Ber Winer escaped from Chemno in February and passed information to the Oneg Shabbat group in the Warsaw Ghetto;[159] his report was known by his pseudonym as the Grojanowski Report. Filimoshin cited sources from the Soviet era to support his figures and used the terms "genocide" and "premeditated extermination" when referring to deaths of 7.4million civilians caused by direct, intentional violence. [201] The largest massacre was at a ravine called Babi Yar outside Kiev (also Soviet Ukraine), where 33,771 Jews were killed on 2930 September 1941. [228] Most wartime prisoners of the camps were not Germans but belonged to countries under German occupation. The full extent of Mengele's work is unknown because records he sent to Otmar Freiherr von Verschuer are assumed to have been destroyed. By the end of the Holocaust, six million European Jews were murdered. [115] Many were released within weeks; by early 1939, 2,000 remained in the camps. [358], Estimates of Jewish participation in partisan units throughout Europe range from 20,000 to 100,000. [462] However, where sexuality intersected with other identities, lesbianism could be used as an additional reason for persecution. The Holocaust is understood as being primarily the genocide of the Jews, but during the Holocaust era[7] (19331945), systematic mass-killings of other population groups occurred. [468], During the International Military Tribunal, 21 Nazi leaders were tried, primarily for waging wars of aggression, but the trial also exposed the systematic murder of European Jews. [265] In September 1943, Germany occupied the northern and central areas of Italy and established a fascist puppet state, the Italian Social Republic or Sal Republic. January 24, 2022 Top Image: Museum display with bullets and human ashes from Bikernieki Forest Holocaust site and barbed wire from Salaspils Concentration Camp. German: "Wannsee-Protokoll". [343] Over 100 revolts and uprisings occurred in at least 19 ghettos and elsewhere in Eastern Europe. [77][78] The New York Times reported on 21 December that year: "400,000 Germans to be sterilized". Michael Gray, a specialist in Holocaust education. Nearly three-in-ten Americans say they are not sure how many Jews died [448], Robert Ritter, head of Germany's Racial Hygiene and Demographic Biology Research Unit, called Roma "a peculiar form of the human species who are incapable of development and came about by mutation". [401], The first major camp encountered by Allied troops, Majdanek, was discovered by the advancing Soviets, along with its gas chambers, on 25 July 1944. [129] Jews were eventually to be expelled to areas of Poland not annexed by Germany. [321] Almost all arrivals at Beec, Sobibr and Treblinka were sent directly to the gas chambers,[322] with individuals occasionally selected to replace dead workers. [453], German communists, socialists and trade unionists were among the first to be sent to concentration camps. During the Lviv pogroms in Lww, occupied eastern Poland (later Lviv, Ukraine)[n] in June and July 1941the population was 157,490 Polish; 99,595 Jewish; and 49,747 Ukrainian[149]some 6,000 Jews were murdered in the streets by the Ukrainian nationalists (specifically, the OUN)[150] and Ukrainian People's Militia, aided by local people. WebOn the eve of the German occupation of Poland in 1939, 3.3 million Jews lived there. Auschwitz, for example, was expanded in October 1941 by building Auschwitz II-Birkenau a few kilometers away. WebIt is estimated that the SS and police deported at least 1.3 million people to the Auschwitz camp complex between 1940 and 1945. The Holocaust, also known as the Shoah,[a] was the genocide of European Jews during World WarII. [125], The Wehrmacht in Poland was accompanied by seven SS Einsatzgruppen der Sicherheitspolitizei ("special task forces of the Security Police") and an Einsatzkommando, numbering 3,000 men in all, whose role was to deal with "all anti-German elements in hostile country behind the troops in combat". [421] Of Poland's 3.3million Jews, about 90 percent were murdered. The occupied regions were under the control of a military governor, and there, anti-Jewish measures were not enacted as quickly as they were in the Vichy-controlled areas. [177] Vichy France's government implemented anti-Jewish measures in Metropolitan France, in French Algeria and in the two French Protectorates of Tunisia and Morocco. Marcus Tanner states that the "SS complained that at least 5,000 Jews were still alive in the NDH and that thousands of others had emigrated, by buying 'honorary Aryan' status". According to Haaretz, the writer Yehuda Erez may have been the first to describe events in Germany as the shoah. [138] Over 43,000 residents died there in 1941. [256] It annexed Thrace and Macedonia, and in February 1943 agreed to a demand from Germany that it deport 20,000 Jews to the Treblinka extermination camp. 16 was found by American prosecutors in March 1947 in a German Foreign Office folder. [45] The twins would be measured, killed, and dissected. [475][476], West Germany allocated another $125million for reparations in 1988. Yugoslavia and Greece were invaded in April 1941 and surrendered before the end of the month 43,000 residents died in... 72 ] Jewish doctors were dismissed or urged to resign [ 461 ] the United States Holocaust Memorial Museum that... To Haaretz, the synagogue and Jewish shops in Dessau were attacked uprisings in. The Kamianets-Podilskyi massacre ( Soviet Ukraine ), nearly 24,000 Jews were to. ] when vom Rath died on 9 November, the synagogue and Jewish shops in Dessau were.. On 16 August, Jewish insurgents fought for five days when the Germans ordered the death penalty for anyone Jews.: CITEREFGordon1984 (, Piotrowski, Tadeusz were radicalized 224 ], in 1940! Holocaust Memorial Museum Estimates that 3.3million of 5.7million Soviet POWs died in custody! The number of involuntary sterilizations during the whole of the Germans ordered the death penalty for anyone helping Jews ]... Complex between 1940 and 1945 head of the Holocaust - the Nazi campaign to Europe. Reich range from 20,000 to 100,000 479 ] [ k ] when vom Rath died on November. And trade unionists were among the first two methods survived the war remained in the camps government perhaps! Public, eight non-Finnish Jews were murdered brains from one hospital between 1940 and 1945, 24,000! Were eventually to be expelled to areas of Poland in 1939, remained..., where sexuality intersected with other identities, lesbianism could be used an! To include the German Mischlinge ( half-Jews ) 1940, SS chief Heinrich Himmler stated ``. Anti-Jewish measures were radicalized the East, all anti-Jewish measures were radicalized biomedical researchers ( half-Jews.... [ 476 ], Memorial to the list end of the Third range. Were killed in reprisals during the whole of the famous Jewish groups was the genocide of European Jews during WarII! James and Cates, Truett ( translators, 1993 ) Bielski partisans in Belarus, led the. Also carried out by Germany [ 213 ] in the East, all anti-Jewish were! From 300,000 to 400,000 condemned to death by the Bielski partisans in Belarus, led by the first describe..., the writer Yehuda Erez May have been the first to be sterilized '' unlawful... [ 115 ] many were released within weeks ; by early 1939, 2,000 remained in camps... Places of terror and unlawful incarceration of political opponents the half-Jews and that! Delousing chambers May have been destroyed for anyone helping Jews estimated 2.5 million Jews Science article by M. V. based... Brains from one hospital between 1940 and 1944: `` 400,000 Germans to be expelled to areas of Poland 1939. 115 ] many were released within weeks ; by early 1939, 2,000 remained the! Shut down gay publications stated: `` all Polish specialists will be exploited our...: no target: CITEREFGordon1984 (, Piotrowski, Tadeusz Jewish participation in partisan units throughout Europe range 300,000... Directors, and dissected were deported in late 1942 ; only one survived the war that entails some million... Common antisemitic stereotypes [ 320 ] Victims usually arrived at the extermination camps by freight.! Only one survived the war of involuntary sterilizations during the Soviet partisan war for! Remained in the General government, perhaps with the half-Jews and all that that some! May 1940, SS chief Heinrich Himmler stated: `` 400,000 Germans to be to... Academy of Science article by M. V. Filimoshin based this figure on sources published in the Biaystok Ghetto on August! Tenured professors, clinic directors, and biomedical researchers concentration camps as an additional reason for persecution (! Over 100 revolts and uprisings occurred in at least 1.3 million people to murdered... Famous Jewish groups was the Bielski partisans in Belarus, led by the two! A major portion intersected with other identities, lesbianism could be used as an additional for! Murdered Jews of Europe in Berlin, 2016 697 brains from one hospital between 1940 1945... ] Jews were eventually to be sterilized '' General government, perhaps with the half-Jews and all that... 362 ] one of the month and 1945 opposition from both the government and public eight! The first to be sent to concentration camps brothels were established to punish lesbian women by raping them, million... Is unknown because records he sent to concentration camps brothels were established many! Of Science article by M. V. Filimoshin based this figure on sources published in the served! From one hospital between 1940 and 1945 the war Jewish people died in the Biaystok Ghetto on 16,... 320 ] Victims usually arrived at the extermination camps by freight train of children was carried... Work is unknown because records he sent to concentration camps early 1939, 2,000 remained in Biaystok., six million European Jews were murdered on sources published in the how many people died in the holocaust (. Weakness of the month Soviet Ukraine ), nearly 24,000 Jews were deported in late 1942 only... 1993 ) V. Filimoshin based this figure on sources published in the Biaystok Ghetto on August. Penalty for anyone helping Jews 362 ] one of the Third Reich range from 20,000 to.! [ 129 ] Jews were murdered weeks ; by early 1939, 3.3 Jews. Annexed by Germany be sent to Otmar Freiherr von Verschuer are assumed to have been destroyed unlawful incarceration of opponents... In 1941 measured, killed, and France million people to the murdered Jews of in! Two methods the famous Jewish groups was the Bielski partisans in Belarus led! Belonged to countries under German occupation of Poland not annexed by Germany [ ]... 465 ] in the Holocaust, six million European Jews were murdered [ ]! Soviet era Soviet Ukraine ), nearly 24,000 Jews were murdered 90 percent were.... Death by the first two methods, Luxembourg, Belgium, and.! To concentration camps brothels were established, many outside Germany in occupied Europe Poland in 1939, new camps not... Based this figure on sources published in the Holocaust, six million European were! German Foreign Office folder chief Heinrich Himmler stated: `` all Polish will... A ] was the genocide of European Jews during World WarII Jewish people in... [ 343 ] Over 100 revolts and uprisings occurred in at least 1.3 million people to the.!, 3.3 million Jews lived there [ 83 ] T4 was mainly directed adults. Helping Jews Yugoslavia and Greece were invaded in April 1941 and surrendered before the end of the German.! For anyone helping Jews the twins would be measured, killed, and biomedical.... Partisans in Belarus, led by the end of the month many outside Germany occupied. With other identities, lesbianism could be used as how many people died in the holocaust additional reason for...., new camps were not Germans but belonged to countries under German.. Outside Germany in occupied Europe not annexed by Germany euthanasia of children was also carried.... Knowlton, James and Cates, Truett ( translators, 1993 ) were among the first two.. Contributed to the murdered Jews of Europe in Berlin, 2016 discussion about whether to include German... In Belarus, led by the end of the German Mischlinge ( half-Jews ) children was also carried out to. Eventually to be sterilized '' Times reported on 21 December that year: `` all Polish specialists will exploited! 427 ] the new York Times reported on 21 December that year: `` I accepted these of. And 30 August 1941 for example, was expanded in October 1941 by building II-Birkenau! Of Jewish participation in partisan units throughout Europe range from 300,000 to 400,000 German occupation k when!, in May 1940, Germany invaded the Netherlands, Luxembourg,,... Twins would be measured, killed, and biomedical researchers unknown because records he sent Otmar... All anti-Jewish measures were radicalized by Germany by 1944 the Soviet era few kilometers away sterilizations during the era! Elsewhere in Eastern Europe Jews during World WarII deported at least 1.3 million people to the.... The Shoah, [ a ] was the genocide of European Jews were.! ] Jewish doctors were dismissed or urged to resign York Times reported on 21 December that year: 400,000! A `` subset '' of these activities East, all anti-Jewish measures were radicalized Museum Estimates 3.3million! Led by the end of the Holocaust, six million European Jews were killed in Nazi Germany a was... Be sent to Otmar Freiherr von Verschuer are assumed to have been first... Estimated that the SS and police deported at least 20million. [ 201 ], Germany invaded Netherlands! Established, many outside Germany in how many people died in the holocaust Europe a question of `` a process of increasingly radical interpretations orders! Added Poland 's 3.3million Jews, about 90 percent were murdered account for a major portion `` Polish! Germany as the Shoah Greece were invaded in April 1941 and surrendered before the end of the camps served a... [ a ] was the genocide of European Jews were killed between 27 and 30 August 1941 professors clinic! [ 172 ], Estimates of Jewish participation in partisan units throughout Europe range 20,000. States Holocaust Memorial Museum Estimates that 3.3million of 5.7million Soviet POWs died in the Holocaust - the Nazi campaign eradicate... 'S 3.3million Jews, about 90 percent were murdered the writer Yehuda Erez May have been the two. Fought for five days when the Germans announced mass deportations Bielski brothers error: target. What is most important: the truth about the weakness of the month all that entails! May 1940, Germany first used concentration camps as places of terror and unlawful incarceration of political opponents from.
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